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Roman settlers in Carlisle
The area doesn’t appear to have had many settlers before the Roman period. Carlisle is in the territory of the Carvetii, or ‘Deer People’, a group within the larger tribe of the Brigantes, whose territory stretched across the north of England and up into Scotland. Although the romans arrived in Southern England in 43 CE (AD), they did not arrive in Carlisle before the winter of 72/73 CE (AD).This was because there had been a period of instability within the Roman Empire and some opposition in Britain itself.
Much of the information comes from a surviving book about the life of the Roman Governor, Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40 to 93CE), written by his son-in-law the historian Tacitus. Agiricola was governor of Britain from 77 to 84CE. The recent archaeological excavations on the Roman fort in front of the Castle produced timber from which a date was obtained of the winter of 72/73CE. This shows that Carlisle was founded before Agricola became governor and fought military campaigns in what is now Scotland, ultimately reaching the Highlands.
After its foundation, the Carlisle fort was rebuilt several times, first in wood and later in stone. It was occupied continuously until the Romans withdrew from Britain in the Fifth Century CE (AD). However, with the building of Hadrian’s Wall, the front line troops moved to a new fort north of the river at Stanwix.
The Route of Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall extended west from Segedunum at Wallsend on the River Tyne to the shore of the Solway Firth, ending a short but unknown distance west of the village of Bowness-on-Solway
The area doesn’t appear to have had many settlers before the Roman period. Carlisle is in the territory of the Carvetii, or ‘Deer People’, a group within the larger tribe of the Brigantes, whose territory stretched across the north of England and up into Scotland. Although the romans arrived in Southern England in 43 CE (AD), they did not arrive in Carlisle before the winter of 72/73 CE (AD).This was because there had been a period of instability within the Roman Empire and some opposition in Britain itself.
Much of the information comes from a surviving book about the life of the Roman Governor, Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40 to 93CE), written by his son-in-law the historian Tacitus. Agiricola was governor of Britain from 77 to 84CE. The recent archaeological excavations on the Roman fort in front of the Castle produced timber from which a date was obtained of the winter of 72/73CE. This shows that Carlisle was founded before Agricola became governor and fought military campaigns in what is now Scotland, ultimately reaching the Highlands.
After its foundation, the Carlisle fort was rebuilt several times, first in wood and later in stone. It was occupied continuously until the Romans withdrew from Britain in the Fifth Century CE (AD). However, with the building of Hadrian’s Wall, the front line troops moved to a new fort north of the river at Stanwix.
The Route of Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall extended west from Segedunum at Wallsend on the River Tyne to the shore of the Solway Firth, ending a short but unknown distance west of the village of Bowness-on-Solway
Purpose of Construction
Hadrian's Wall was likely planned before Roman Emperor Hadrian's visit to Britain in AD 122. According to restored sandstone fragments found in Jarrow that date from 118 or 119, it was Hadrian's wish to keep "intact the empire," which had been imposed upon him by "divine instruction." The fragments then announce the building of the wall. It is entirely possible that, on his arrival in Britain in 122, one of the stops on his itinerary was the northern frontier and an inspection of the progress of the wall as it was being built.
Reasons for the construction of the wall vary, and the exact explanation has never been recorded. However, a number of theories have been presented by historians, primarily centering around an expression of Roman power and Hadrian's policy of defense before expansion. For example, on his accession to the throne in 117, Hadrian had been experiencing rebellion in Roman Britain and from the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Judea, Libya, Mauretania. These troubles may have had a hand in Hadrian's plan to construct the wall, and his construction of limes in other areas of the Empire, but to what extent is unknown.
Scholars also disagree over how much of an actual threat the sparsely populated land of northern Britannia (Scotland) actually presented, and whether there was any more economic advantage in defending and garrisoning a fixed line of defenses like the Wall over simply conquering and annexing the Scottish Lowlands and manning the territory with a loose arrangement of forts. The limes of Rome were never expected to stop whole tribes from migrating or entire armies from invading, and while a frontier protected by a palisade or stone wall would surely help curb cattle-raiders and the incursions of other small groups, the economic viability of constructing and constantly manning a 72-mile (116 km) long boundary along a sparsely populated border to stop small-scale raiding is dubious.
Another possible explanation for the erection of the great wall is the degree of control it would have provided over immigration, smuggling, and customs. Limes did not strictly mark the boundaries of Rome, with Roman power and influence often extending beyond its walls. People inside and beyond the limes traveled through it each day when conducting business, and organized check-points like those offered by Hadrian's Wall provided good opportunities for taxation. With watch towers only a short distance from gateways in the limes, patrolling legionaries would have been able to keep track of entering and exiting natives and Roman citizens alike, charging customs dues, and checking for smuggling activity.
Another theory is of the simpler variety—Hadrian's Wall was, if not wholly, at least partially, constructed to reflect the power of Rome, and was used as a political point by Hadrian. Once its construction was finished, it is thought to have been covered in plaster and then white-washed, its shining surface able to reflect the sunlight and be visible for miles around.
Hadrian's Wall was likely planned before Roman Emperor Hadrian's visit to Britain in AD 122. According to restored sandstone fragments found in Jarrow that date from 118 or 119, it was Hadrian's wish to keep "intact the empire," which had been imposed upon him by "divine instruction." The fragments then announce the building of the wall. It is entirely possible that, on his arrival in Britain in 122, one of the stops on his itinerary was the northern frontier and an inspection of the progress of the wall as it was being built.
Reasons for the construction of the wall vary, and the exact explanation has never been recorded. However, a number of theories have been presented by historians, primarily centering around an expression of Roman power and Hadrian's policy of defense before expansion. For example, on his accession to the throne in 117, Hadrian had been experiencing rebellion in Roman Britain and from the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Judea, Libya, Mauretania. These troubles may have had a hand in Hadrian's plan to construct the wall, and his construction of limes in other areas of the Empire, but to what extent is unknown.
Scholars also disagree over how much of an actual threat the sparsely populated land of northern Britannia (Scotland) actually presented, and whether there was any more economic advantage in defending and garrisoning a fixed line of defenses like the Wall over simply conquering and annexing the Scottish Lowlands and manning the territory with a loose arrangement of forts. The limes of Rome were never expected to stop whole tribes from migrating or entire armies from invading, and while a frontier protected by a palisade or stone wall would surely help curb cattle-raiders and the incursions of other small groups, the economic viability of constructing and constantly manning a 72-mile (116 km) long boundary along a sparsely populated border to stop small-scale raiding is dubious.
Another possible explanation for the erection of the great wall is the degree of control it would have provided over immigration, smuggling, and customs. Limes did not strictly mark the boundaries of Rome, with Roman power and influence often extending beyond its walls. People inside and beyond the limes traveled through it each day when conducting business, and organized check-points like those offered by Hadrian's Wall provided good opportunities for taxation. With watch towers only a short distance from gateways in the limes, patrolling legionaries would have been able to keep track of entering and exiting natives and Roman citizens alike, charging customs dues, and checking for smuggling activity.
Another theory is of the simpler variety—Hadrian's Wall was, if not wholly, at least partially, constructed to reflect the power of Rome, and was used as a political point by Hadrian. Once its construction was finished, it is thought to have been covered in plaster and then white-washed, its shining surface able to reflect the sunlight and be visible for miles around.